The Host response in Perio Disease

1. What is the major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria? LPS lipopolysaccharide.
   
2. What is a bacterium?  Microorganism composed of a single cell.
   
3. What are pathogenic bacteria capable of causing?  Disease.
   
4. The LPS of the cell wall initiates what?  Host immune response.
   
5. LPS is also known as:  endotoxin.
   
6. What are leukocytes?  White blood cells.
   
7. How many types of leukocytes are there & what are they?  3, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes.
   
8. Protein molecule produced & secreted by B-lymphocytes in response to microorganism:  Antibody.
   
9. All antibodies have the same overall structure & are known collectively as: Immunoglobins.
   
10. Process by which leukocytes engulf & destroy microorganisms:  Phagocytosis.
    
11. Sacs, found in cytoplasm of certain, leukocytes, which are filled with potent chemicals that allow cells to digest microorganisms:  Granules.
    
12. Lysosomes:  Granules filled with strong bactericidal enzymes & digestive enzymes that can kill & digest bacteria after phagocytosis.
    
13. Phagocytes:  cell eaters, ingest & digest microorganisms.
    
14. What are 2 phagocytes active in combating perio pathways?  Neutrophils, macrophages.
    
15. Neutrophils are also known as:  Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).
    
16. Bacteria most effectively phagocytized by:  Neutrophils.
    
17. Pus formed at site of inflammation contains many:  dead & dying neutrophils.
    
18.  Describe appearance of macrophages:  large leukocyte w/ 1 kidney shaped nucleus & some granules.
    
19. When found in the bloodstream macrophages are called:  monocytes.
    
20. Macrophages are called what when found in tissue? Macrophages.
    
21. What is the role of lymphocytes?  Recognizing & controlling foreign invaders.
    
22. What are 2 main classes of lymphocytes? T lymphocytes,                      B lymphocytes.
    
23. B cells are plasma cells that secrete:  antibodies that neutralize microorganisms.
    
24. Where do B-lymphocytes put the millions of antibodies they manufacturer? Into the bloodstream.
    
25. What is antibodies role in host defense?  To neutralize bacteria or their toxins to prevent bacteria from destroying host cells, Coat bacteria making them more susceptible to phagocytosis, & activate the complement system.
    
26. All antibodies have the same overall structure known collectively as immunoglobins, what are the 5 major classes? IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE.
    
27. What do T-cells do in host response?  They intensify the response of other immune cells to bacterial infection.
    
28. What is the Complement System?  Series of proteins circulating in blood facilitate phagocytosis or kill bacteria by puncturing bacterial cell membranes.
    
29. What are 3 principle functions of the Complement system?

a.opsonization of pathogens: coat surface of bacteria allowing phagocytes to recognize, engulf & destroy.

b.recruitment of additional phagocytic cells to site of infection.

c. destruction of pathogens, membrane attack complex.

    30.Put the steps of phagocytosis in order of occurrence:

 C       Bacterium is surrounded by phagosome (vesicle), lysosome granules fuse with phagosome & form phagolysosome, which ingest & digest bacterium.

  A        External cell wall of a phagocytic cell (neutraphil/macrophage) adheres to bacterium.  

            D         Phagocytic cell discharges contents into surrounding tissue.

   B         Cell extends finger like projections that surround bacterium.

31. Fill in the flow chart:

Bone marrow (Inflammatory cells originate here)

                      Stem Cells

      Myeloid Stem Cell                                                                                      Lymphoid Stem Cell

Basophils    Eosinophils  Neutrophils  Monocytes  macrophages                         Lymphocyte

These are Granular leukocytes.             These are agranular.                    B-cell                     T-cell

                                                                                                             Humeral          immunity     cell mediated

32. In perio disease what is the most destruction caused by? Our own immune response system.

33. Bacteria has a dual affect: Direct affect: secrete their own degraditive enzymes.                                                                                    

                                              Indirect affect: initiate immune response.

34.T-cells mature in: thymus.

35. Basophils are in: blood.

36. Mast cells are in: tissue.

37. Basophils / Mast cells release: histamine, bradykinin.

38. What are bradykinin? Inflammatory mediators.

39. Describe neutrophils: most numerous of granules, 1^st cell to respond, AKA: PMN polymorphonuclearcytes, phagocytize bacteria.

40. Eosinophils are most numerous in: allergic reactions. Over response to immune system.

41. Monocytes are in:  blood.

42. Macrophages are in:  Tissue.

43. Monocytes and macrophages are slower to arrive at infection site.

44. T-cell lymphocytes are derived in the thymus and are responsible for: cell mediated immunity.

45. What is cell-mediated immunity? Delayed immune response.

46. B-cell lymphocytes are responsible for  humeral immunity (blood born) and produce antibodies.

47. Surface Recognition Antigens (SRA)= Markers.

48. What is the basis of the immune system? Recognizing foreign SRA.

50. Antigens: stimulate immune system to respond.

51. What are the blood born response B-cells and function:

          IgG- most abundant. Crosses the placenta (immunity for newborn but only for few weeks).

          IgM- 1^st to be formed against antigen.

          IgE- seen in acute allergic reactions.

          IgD- trace.

          IgA- principally seen in secretions. Saliva.

52. The role of macrophages: To engulf bacteria & show it B-cells & T-cells.

53. In cell mediated immunity t-cells divide into:

          killer cells

          regulators- enhance/suppress immune response.

          Secrete lymphokines/cytokines- attract more inflammatory cells, intensify response.

54.Primary response: 1^st time you see antigen, ever.

55. The body’s response to first exposure in primary response: not great.

56.Secondary response is responsible for allergic reactions, when does this occur? Anytime after first exposure & the body reacts.

57. What is immunologic memory?  “remembering” the antigen. 2^nd response much stronger.

58. Hypersensitivity reactions/ allergic reactions have 4 types; match the types w/ their function or role:

59. Homeostasis: state of equilibrium. Continuous status to keep internal environment constant.

60. What are the 2 actions of plaque in the oral cavity immune system? Plaque initiates gingival inflammation & plaque triggers the inflammatory response.

61. What are the contents of the PMN’s primary granules/lysosomes? Hydrolase,Myeloperoxidase,lysozyme,Elastase, Collagenase.

 Disclaimer: These notes were copied and pasted from files sent to me by Andrea.  They have not been reviewed for errors. You are responsible for checking out the information to verify the accuracy. This site, Amy Nieves and Andrea are not responsible for typographical errors.