The Cell & Basic Tissues

Contributed by:

1.      Histology: Study of structure & function of tissues.

2.      Cell: smallest unit of organization in body.

3.      Exocytosis: Discharge of particles from a cell.

4.      Endocytosis: Ingestion of a foreign substance by a cell.

5.      Pinocytosis: cell drinking.

6.      Phagocytosis: cell eating.

7.      List functions of cells:

Absorption.

Respiration.

Growth.

Reproduction.

Excretion.

8.      List the parts of the cell:

Cell membrane.

Cytoplasm.

Organelles.

Inclusions.

Nucleus.

9.      Cell membrane AKA Plasma Membrane.

10.  The cell membrane surrounds cell and provides: a barrier.

11.  The proteins in the cell membrane serve: as ID tags to help identify cell coming from a particular individual (tissue typing).

12.  The cell membrane regulates: movement of substances into/out of cell.

13.  Cytoplasm: Semi-fluid found inside membrane but outside nucleus.

14.  The cytoplasm contains: Structures necessary for production of cell products.

15.  What is the fluid and structures in cytoplasm responsible for: Fluid- chemical reactions, Structures- specific functions take place.

16.   Match the organelles of the cell with their function:

17. Transient structures within cell: Inclusions.
    
18. What is the function of an inclusion: can be used as energy if needed.
    
19.  An example of an inclusion: Melanin.
    
20. What is mitosis? Individual cell division that occurs in phases that result in 2 daughter cells identical to parent cell.
    
21. Phases of cell division:

22. Dissolves, mixes, & transports substances for carrying out chemical functions are all functions of: Tissue fluids.
    
23. Inter cellular substance has no shape, color, & is transparent, what is its function? Acts as a barrier to fill spaces between cells.
    
24. Cellular junction: an attachment between cells & nearby surfaces. Each cell is close but not attached completely.
    
25. Cellular junction:

Desmosome: mechanical junction between cells. In upper layers of skin. It’s a suction cup.

Hemidesosome: attach epithelium to connective tissue. ½ a desmosome.

26. What are the 4 basic tissue types? Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.
    
27. The function of epithelial tissue is to protect, how does it do this? Lines internal & external body surfaces.
    
28. Classifications of epithelial tissue:

Unstratified: single layer.

Pseudostratified: cells with different heights, looks stratified but simple.

Stratified: most in body.

Squamous: scale like, flat, thin round, thinnest.

Cuboidal: square even on all sides.

Columnar: rectangular, taller than wide, lining cells.

Transitional stratified: looks simple because it’s stretched.

29. Define keratin: type of stratified epithelial tissue, opaque, waterproof, resistant to friction & bacterial invasion.
    
30. Layers of the Basement Membrane:

31. What is the most abundant type of basic tissue in the body? Connective tissue.
    
32. What is the most common cell of connective tissue? Fibroblast.
    
33. Fibroblast: Fiber producing cells, most abundant in connective tissue, repair, produce matrix, can modify into other cells.
    
34. What is the main fiber type in the body? Collagen fibers.
    
35. What are the 2 fiber types found in the body?  Reticular fibers: mesh, branches out, elastic fibers: gives ability to stretch.
    
36. Classification of connective tissue:

37. What soft connective tissue is loose, located in dermis of skin and is padding for deeper portions of the body? Lamina Propria.
    
38. Dense soft connective tissue gives tissue: its strength because it has a reticular layer.
    
39. What are the 3 types of specialized soft connective tissue?

 Adipose: fatty tissue: located around organs.

Elastic: stretch~ vocal cords.

Reticular: woven mesh like. Gives support.

40. Granulation tissue: Immature connective tissue. Soft, bleeds easily because has lots of blood vessels in it which make color more red & harder to heal.
    
41. Cartilage: Avascular, firm, noncalcified connective tissue, serves skeletal tissues.
    
42. Hyaline cartilage: most common
    
43. Elastic cartilage: flexible, resilient, body has numerous.
    
44. Fibro cartilage: strongest, most firm, transitional type because mixture of hyaline & a dense connective tissue.
    
45. Interstitial growth: Growth from deep within the tissue by mitosis of each chondrocyte, producing larger daughter cells within a lacuna, expanding the tissue.
    
46. Appositional growth: Layered growth on outside of tissue from outer layer of chondroblasts within periochondrium.
    
47. What is bone: Rigid connective tissues, constitutes most of mature skeleton.
    
48. What is the function of bone? Serves as structural & protective support for soft tissue.
    
49. Bone is 50%: mineralized or inorganic- hydroxyapatite.
    
50. Does bone have its own blood supply? YES, marrow.
    
51. Osteoblasts originate from: osteogenic cells.
    
52. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.
    
53. What are the bone layers going from outside to inside:

Compact bone: very heavy, very few soft tissue spaces.

Cancellous Bone: lighter, more soft tissue spaces.

Endosteum: thin bone.

Bone marrow: most blood cells produced, most stem cells located.

54. What gives bone its hardness? Calcium hydroxyapatite.
    
55. The Haversian system is an arrangement of lamellae & canals found in compact bone, what is its function? Provide interaction & nutrition.
    
56. What is the function of Volkmann’s canals? Transport nutrients.
    
57. Intramembrnaous bone growth: osteoid forms, bone matrix form. Forms within 2 connective tissue sheets. Uses apposisitional growth.
    
58. Endochondrial bone growth: forms osteoid within hyaline cartilage. Uses interstitial growth.
    
59. Ossification: bone forms, bone substance.
    
60. What is the function of osteoclasts? Bone resorption.
    
61.  Localized resorption: Specific area due to stress, infection or pressure on bone.
    
62. Generalized resorption: varying amounts in whole skeleton due to endocrine activity.
    
63. If a person has generalized resorption what needs to be done? Increase levels of calcium and phosphate in blood.
    
64. Match muscle tissue

65. What are the functions of nerves? Carry messages or impulses based on electrical action potentials. (Cause muscles to contract)
    
66. Formative cell of nervous system: neuron.
    
67. Afferent nerves: Carries sensory info from bodyà brain.
    
68. Efferent nerves: Carries info away from brainàbody.
    
69. Divisions of the nervous system: CNS & PNS
    
70. CNS central nervous system: brain & spinal cord.
    
71. PNS peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
    
72. The following are parts of the peripheral nervous system, describe them:

Spinal nerves: extend from spinal cordà body.

Cranial nerves: attached to brain & pass through openings in skull.

Somatic nervous system: operates with conscious control.

Autonomic nervous system: operates with out conscious control. Care taker of body, gland secretions.

73. Parts of the Autonomic System:

Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight, shut down salivary gland secretions, help to cope in stressful situation.

Parasympathetic: rest or digest, stimulation of salivary glands, heart rate slowed, no sweat gland activity.

Disclaimer: These notes were copied and pasted from files sent to me by Andrea.  They have not been reviewed for errors. You are responsible for checking out the information to verify the accuracy. This site, Amy Nieves and Andrea are not responsible for typographical errors.